Clinical Consultations:

• Initial cardiology consultation (patient history, risk assessment, physical examination)
• Follow-up consultations and treatment plan adjustments
• Cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention programs

Electrocardiography (ECG)

• Standard 12-lead ECG: Measures the electrical potential of the heart to identify arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), and poor blood flow (ischaemia).

Holter Monitoring

• 24-hour / 48-hour ECG Holter monitoring: to detect intermittent, irregular heartbeats or assess unexplained fainting, palpitations, and dizziness.

Blood Pressure Monitoring

• 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM): Used for evaluating suspected hypertension, masked hypertension (normal clinic, high at home), blood pressure fluctuating throughout the day, and testing the efficacy of medication.

Echocardiography (Ultrasound of the Heart)

• Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): to evaluate the structure (size, shape) and function (contractility, pumping ability) of the heart chambers and valves.
• Doppler studies: to detect abnormal blood flow, such as leaky valves (regurgitation) or narrowed valves (stenosis).
• Cardiac structure and function assessment

Transoesophageal Echocardiography

• Heart Valve Assessment: Assessing damage, narrowing (stenosis), or leaking (regurgitation) in native or prosthetic valves.
• Blood Clots: Detecting clots (thrombi) in the heart’s upper chambers.
• Structural Heart Conditions: Identifying holes or defects in heart chambers.
• Cardiac Tumors: Evaluating growths in the heart.

Carotid Artery Ultrasound

• Identify Blockages: Detects narrowing (stenosis) caused by plaque buildup.
• Evaluate Blood Flow: Uses Doppler technology to measure the speed and direction of blood flow.
• Stroke Prevention: Assesses the risk of stroke and helps guide treatment.
• Post-Surgical Monitoring: Checks the artery after procedures like stenting or carotid endarterectomy.

Stress Testing

• Exercise stress test (treadmill): assess heart function under stress to diagnose coronary disease
• Evaluation of ischemia and functional capacity

Preventive Cardiology Check-ups

• Comprehensive cardiovascular check-ups (including ECG, Echo, BP monitoring as applicable)
• Screening for coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular conditions

Patient Management

• Development of treatment plans
• Prescription of medication (where applicable under GESY or private practice)
• Referral to other specialists or for invasive procedures if required